Original Research

A questionnaire survey of poultry layer farmers in Khartoum State, Sudan, to study their antimicrobial awareness and usage patterns

Mohamed M. Sirdar, Jackie Picard, Shahn Bisschop, Bruce Gummow
Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research | Vol 79, No 1 | a361 | DOI: https://doi.org/10.4102/ojvr.v79i1.361 | © 2012 Mohamed M. Sirdar, Jackie Picard, Shahn Bisschop, Bruce Gummow | This work is licensed under CC Attribution 4.0
Submitted: 14 July 2011 | Published: 21 May 2012

About the author(s)

Mohamed M. Sirdar, Agriculture and Animal Production Project, Poultry Section, National Cooperative Corporation, Khartoum, Sudan
Jackie Picard, Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, South Africa
Shahn Bisschop, Department of Production Animal Studies, University of Pretoria, South Africa
Bruce Gummow, Department of Production Animal Studies, University of Pretoria, South Africa

Abstract

An initial census of layer farms in Khartoum State, Sudan, was carried out in late 2007 and early 2008 and found that there were 252 layer farms with a total population of 2 221 800 birds. This paper reports the findings of the census. Based on this information, a structured questionnaire survey of 92 farms was then conducted in the state in April 2008 to collect data on antibiotic usage, demographic data and public health awareness. Ninety-eight per cent of participating farms comprised open-sided houses. It was found that 49% of the farms surveyed were on antibiotic treatment when the survey was conducted, whilst 59% of the farms had used antibiotics within the last 3 months. The study found that farmers and producers had a lack of knowledge about antimicrobial residues, their withdrawal periods and the risk posed by the consumption of these residues. The study also concluded that traditional farming systems in Sudan relied heavily on antimicrobial medication to control disease and almost half of the farms surveyed were treating their flocks with antimicrobials. In addition to this, there was a lack of disease control programmes which probably resulted in a massive use of antibiotics to control endemic diseases. This was further compounded by the absence of governmental supervision and control on the use of drugs.

Keywords

antimicrobial; demographics; eggs; farmer perceptions; residues; Sudan; survey; use

Metrics

Total abstract views: 14042
Total article views: 27378

 

Crossref Citations

1. Antimicrobials usage assessments in commercial poultry and local birds in North-central Nigeria: Associated pathways and factors for resistance emergence and spread
N.B. Alhaji, A.E. Haruna, B. Muhammad, M.K. Lawan, T.O. Isola
Preventive Veterinary Medicine  vol: 154  first page: 139  year: 2018  
doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2018.04.001

2. Food safety risk posed to consumers of table eggs from layer farms in Gauteng Province, South Africa: Prevalence of Salmonella species and Escherichia coli, antimicrobial residues, and antimicrobial resistant bacteria
Abiodun A. Adesiyun, Charlotte Nkuna, Malesedi Mokgoatlheng‐Mamogobo, Keleabetswe Malepe, Liberty Simanda
Journal of Food Safety  vol: 40  issue: 3  year: 2020  
doi: 10.1111/jfs.12783

3. Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Salmonella Isolates on Chickens Processed and Retailed at Outlets of the Informal Market in Gauteng Province, South Africa
Thelma M. Mokgophi, Nomakorinte Gcebe, Folorunso Fasina, Abiodun A. Adesiyun
Pathogens  vol: 10  issue: 3  first page: 273  year: 2021  
doi: 10.3390/pathogens10030273

4. The Public Health Importance and Management of Infectious Poultry Diseases in Smallholder Systems in Africa
Delia Grace, Theodore J. D. Knight-Jones, Achenef Melaku, Robyn Alders, Wudu T. Jemberu
Foods  vol: 13  issue: 3  first page: 411  year: 2024  
doi: 10.3390/foods13030411

5. Drivers of Antibiotic Use in Poultry Production in Bangladesh: Dependencies and Dynamics of a Patron-Client Relationship
Abdullah Al Masud, Emily Kate Rousham, Mohammad Aminul Islam, Mahbub-Ul Alam, Mahbubur Rahman, Abdullah Al Mamun, Supta Sarker, Muhammad Asaduzzaman, Leanne Unicomb
Frontiers in Veterinary Science  vol: 7  year: 2020  
doi: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00078

6. Sustainable Antibiotic-Free Broiler Meat Production: Current Trends, Challenges, and Possibilities in a Developing Country Perspective
Md. Hakimul Haque, Subir Sarker, Md. Shariful Islam, Md. Aminul Islam, Md. Rezaul Karim, Mohammad Enamul Hoque Kayesh, Muhammad J. A. Shiddiky, M. Sawkat Anwer
Biology  vol: 9  issue: 11  first page: 411  year: 2020  
doi: 10.3390/biology9110411

7. Wastewater contamination of deep groundwater in Sudan, an arid developing country: Application of artificial sweeteners and antibiotics as molecular markers
Tatsuya SUMIDA, Hideshige TAKADA, Ayaka TAKEI, Hisham Elamir YOUSIF, Mohamed Abdelrhman ELFDOL Yousif, Kenji YOSHIMATSU, Tatsuya KOIKE, Saya ISOGAI, Mona ALIDOUST, Kaoruko MIZUKAWA, Mitsunori TARAO, Charita S. KWAN, John OFOSU-ANIM, Edward Benjamin SABI, Siaw ONWONA-AGYEMAN, Oliver V. WASONGA, Antonio Manuel dos SANTOS JUNIOR, Nguyen Van CONG, Seyed Hossein HASHEMI
Environmental Monitoring and Contaminants Research  vol: 5  first page: 89  year: 2025  
doi: 10.5985/emcr.20240052

8. Assessing farmers' perspective on antibiotic usage and management practices in small-scale layer farms of Mymensingh district, Bangladesh
Jannatul Ferdous, Sabbya Sachi, Zakaria Al Noman, S. M. Azizul Karim Hussani, Yousuf Ali Sarker, Mahmudul Hasan Sikder
Veterinary World  vol: 12  issue: 9  first page: 1441  year: 2019  
doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2019.1441-1447

9. Antimicrobial use in cattle and poultry production on occurrence of multidrug resistant Escherichia coli. A systematic review with focus on sub-Saharan Africa
Rogers Azabo, Frankwell Dulle, Stephen E. Mshana, Mecky Matee, Sharadhuli Kimera
Frontiers in Veterinary Science  vol: 9  year: 2022  
doi: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1000457

10. Knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding antimicrobial usage, spread and resistance emergence in commercial poultry farms of Rajshahi district in Bangladesh
Md. Zohurul Islam, Md. Saiful Islam, Lakshmi Rani Kundu, Ayesha Ahmed, Kamrul Hsan, Shahina Pardhan, Robin Driscoll, Md. Sharif Hossain, Md. Mahfuz Hossain, Jasbir Singh Bedi
PLOS ONE  vol: 17  issue: 11  first page: e0275856  year: 2022  
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0275856

11. Assessment of Drivers of Antimicrobial Use and Resistance in Poultry and Domestic Pig Farming in the Msimbazi River Basin in Tanzania
Zuhura I. Kimera, Gasto Frumence, Leonard E. G. Mboera, Mark Rweyemamu, Stephen E. Mshana, Mecky I. N. Matee
Antibiotics  vol: 9  issue: 12  first page: 838  year: 2020  
doi: 10.3390/antibiotics9120838

12. Knowledge and practice of antimicrobial usage and resistance among poultry farmers: A systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression
Abdullah Al Sattar, Nurun Nahar Chisty, Nusrat Irin, Md. Helal Uddin, F M Yasir Hasib, Md. Ahasanul Hoque
Veterinary Research Communications  vol: 47  issue: 3  first page: 1047  year: 2023  
doi: 10.1007/s11259-023-10082-5

13. Salmonella Gallinarum in Small-Scale Commercial Layer Flocks: Occurrence, Molecular Diversity and Antibiogram
A. K. M. Ziaul Haque, Mir Rowshan Akter, SK Shaheenur Islam, Jahangir Alam, Sucharit Basu Neogi, Shinji Yamasaki, S. M. Lutful Kabir
Veterinary Sciences  vol: 8  issue: 5  first page: 71  year: 2021  
doi: 10.3390/vetsci8050071

14. Antimicrobial use in agriculture: critical review of the factors influencing behaviour
C McKernan, T Benson, S Farrell, M Dean
JAC-Antimicrobial Resistance  vol: 3  issue: 4  year: 2021  
doi: 10.1093/jacamr/dlab178

15. Highly drug-resistant Salmonella enterica serotype Kentucky ST198-X1: a microbiological study
Simon Le Hello, Dorothée Harrois, Brahim Bouchrif, Lucile Sontag, Dalèle Elhani, Véronique Guibert, Khalid Zerouali, François-Xavier Weill
The Lancet Infectious Diseases  vol: 13  issue: 8  first page: 672  year: 2013  
doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(13)70124-5

16. Antimicrobial usage by pastoralists in food animals in North-central Nigeria: The associated socio-cultural drivers for antimicrobials misuse and public health implications
Nma Bida Alhaji, Tajudeen Opeyemi Isola
One Health  vol: 6  first page: 41  year: 2018  
doi: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2018.11.001

17. Antimicrobial usage in the chicken farming in Yaoundé, Cameroon: a cross-sectional study
Mélanie Gondam Kamini, Fabrice Tatfo Keutchatang, Huguette Yangoua Mafo, Germain Kansci, Gabriel Medoua Nama
International Journal of Food Contamination  vol: 3  issue: 1  year: 2016  
doi: 10.1186/s40550-016-0034-6

18. Assessment of antibiotic use in farm animals in Rwanda
Rosine Manishimwe, Kizito Nishimwe, Lonzy Ojok
Tropical Animal Health and Production  vol: 49  issue: 6  first page: 1101  year: 2017  
doi: 10.1007/s11250-017-1290-z

19. A cross-sectional survey of poultry management systems, practices and antimicrobial use in relation to disease outbreak in Pakistan
Farrukh Saleem, Aqsa Ameer, Farhan Afzal, Muhammad Usman, Hamid Irshad, Sadia Sattar, Umer Zeeshan Ijaz, Sundus Javed
BMC Research Notes  vol: 18  issue: 1  year: 2025  
doi: 10.1186/s13104-025-07220-4

20. Antibiotic usage practices and its drivers in commercial chicken production in Bangladesh
Sukanta Chowdhury, Guillaume Fournié, Damer Blake, Joerg Henning, Patricia Conway, Md. Ahasanul Hoque, Sumon Ghosh, Shahana Parveen, Paritosh Kumar Biswas, Zubair Akhtar, Khaleda Islam, Md. Ariful Islam, Md. Mahbubur Rashid, Ludvic Pelligand, Zobaidul Haque Khan, Mahmudur Rahman, Fiona Tomley, Nitish Debnath, Fahmida Chowdhury, Patrick Butaye
PLOS ONE  vol: 17  issue: 10  first page: e0276158  year: 2022  
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276158

21. Antimicrobial use practices and resistance in indicator bacteria in communal cattle in the Mnisi community, Mpumalanga, South Africa
Charlotte Ropafadzo Mupfunya, Daniel Nenene Qekwana, Vinny Naidoo
Veterinary Medicine and Science  vol: 7  issue: 1  first page: 112  year: 2021  
doi: 10.1002/vms3.334

22. Survey on antimicrobial usage in local dairy cows in North-central Nigeria: Drivers for misuse and public health threats
Nma Bida Alhaji, Mohammed Baba Aliyu, Ibrahim Ghali-Mohammed, Ismail Ayoade Odetokun, Arda Yildirim
PLOS ONE  vol: 14  issue: 12  first page: e0224949  year: 2019  
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224949

23. Antimicrobial Usage in Smallholder Poultry Production in Nigeria
Oladeji Bamidele, Tunde A. Amole, Oluwafikayo A. Oyewale, Olayinka O. Bamidele, Abdulmojeed Yakubu, Uduak E. Ogundu, Folasade O. Ajayi, Waheed A. Hassan, Nora Mestorino
Veterinary Medicine International  vol: 2022  first page: 1  year: 2022  
doi: 10.1155/2022/7746144