Original Research

Acaricidal activity of the aqueous and hydroethanolic extracts of 15 South African plants against Rhipicephalus turanicus and their toxicity on human liver and kidney cells

Gerda Fouche, Olubukola T. Adenubi, Tlabo Leboho, Lyndy J. McGaw, Vinny Naidoo, Kevin W. Wellington, Jacobus N. Eloff
Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research | Vol 86, No 1 | a1665 | DOI: https://doi.org/10.4102/ojvr.v86i1.1665 | © 2019 Gerda Fouche, Olubukola T. Adenubi, Tlabo Leboho, Lyndy J. McGaw, Vinny Naidoo, Kevin W. Wellington, Jacobus N. Eloff | This work is licensed under CC Attribution 4.0
Submitted: 25 June 2018 | Published: 22 July 2019

About the author(s)

Gerda Fouche, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
Olubukola T. Adenubi, Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
Tlabo Leboho, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) Biosciences, Pretoria, South Africa
Lyndy J. McGaw, hytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
Vinny Naidoo, Biomedical Research Centre, Faculty Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
Kevin W. Wellington, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) Biosciences, Pretoria, South Africa
Jacobus N. Eloff, Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa

Abstract

Hot water and hydroethanolic (70:30) extracts were prepared from 15 plant species, which were investigated to discover eco-friendly and less expensive tick control methods as an alternative to synthetic acaricides. A contact bioassay was used to determine the acaricidal activity of these extracts against the cattle tick, Rhipicephalus turanicus (Acari: Ixodidae) at a concentration of 20% (200 mg/mL). The hydroethanolic extracts had better activity than the hot water extracts against R. turanicus. The hydroethanolic extract from Tabernaemontana elegans (leaves) had the best mortality (87.0%). This was followed by Calpurnia aurea (stems) with a mortality of 75.0%, Schkuhria pinnata (whole plant) with a mortality of 67.0% and Aloe rupestris (leaves) with a mortality of 66.6%. The toxicity of the plant extracts was also investigated and it was found that most of the hydroethanolic and hot water extracts were either safe or very safe on human Vero kidney and liver HepG2 cells. From this study, it was evident that botanicals have the potential to be developed as environmentally benign natural acaricides against R. turanicus.

Keywords

Rhipicephalus turanicus; contact bioassay; acaricidal activity; Vero cells; HepG2 cells; toxicity; water; ethanol

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