Original Research

The detection of lumpy skin disease virus in samples of experimentally infected cattle using different diagnostic techniques

E.S.M. Tuppurainen, E.H. Venter, J.A.W. Coetzer
Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research | Vol 72, No 2 | a213 | DOI: https://doi.org/10.4102/ojvr.v72i2.213 | © 2005 E.S.M. Tuppurainen, E.H. Venter, J.A.W. Coetzer | This work is licensed under CC Attribution 4.0
Submitted: 17 September 2005 | Published: 17 September 2005

About the author(s)

E.S.M. Tuppurainen,
E.H. Venter,
J.A.W. Coetzer,

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Abstract

Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a disease of cattle, primarily in Africa and Madagascar and rarely in the Middle East. It is caused by a capripoxvirus that belongs to the family Poxviridae. The disease is of economic importance in endemic areas. Effective control of LSD requires accurate and rapid laboratory techniques to confirm a tentative clinical diagnosis. Comparative studies on different diagnostic tests used at different stages of the disease have not been done. The aim of this study was to compare several of these tests.
Six seronegative bulls, between 11 and 20 months of age, were infected intravenously and kept in an insect-free facility. The course of the infection was monitored. During a 3-month period blood samples and skin biopsies were collected for virus isolation and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Skin biopsies were also examined using transmission electron microscopy (TEM).
The incubation period in infected animals varied from 4-5 days. The length of the viraemic period did not correlate with the severity of clinical disease. Viraemia was detected from 1-12 days using virus isolation and from 4-11 days using the PCR, which is longer than has previously been reported. Virus was isolated from skin biopsies until Day 39 post infection (p.i.) and PCR could demonstrate viral DNA until Day 92 p.i. Transmission electron microscopy of negatively stained skin biopsies detected LSD virus only in one of the four bulls that developed skin lesions until Day 33 p.i.
The PCR was a fast and sensitive method to demonstrate viral DNA in blood and skin samples. It could detect viral nucleic acid in skin lesions 53 days longer than virus isolation. Virus isolation from blood and skin samples was sensitive and reliable, but as a single test it may be too time-consuming to use although this depends on how rapidly the diagnosis must be confirmed.
In conclusion, this study showed the PCR to be superior in detecting LSD virus from blood and skin samples. However, virus isolation is still required when the infectivity of the LSD virus is to be determined. Indexed by Sabinet Online

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57. Development and validation of a TaqMan probe-based real-time PCR method for the differentiation of wild type lumpy skin disease virus from vaccine virus strains
Eirini I. Agianniotaki, Serafeim C. Chaintoutis, Andy Haegeman, Konstantia E. Tasioudi, Ilse De Leeuw, Panagiotis-Dimitrios Katsoulos, Achilleas Sachpatzidis, Kris De Clercq, Thomas Alexandropoulos, Zoe S. Polizopoulou, Eleni D. Chondrokouki, Chrysostomos I. Dovas
Journal of Virological Methods  vol: 249  first page: 48  year: 2017  
doi: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2017.08.011

58. Lumpy Skin Disease
Arif KARAOTCU, Yakup YILDIRIM
Etlik Veteriner Mikrobiyoloji Dergisi  vol: 30  issue: 2  first page: 165  year: 2019  
doi: 10.35864/evmd.624975

59. Morphological Characteristics of Skin Lesions in Cattle Naturally Infected with Lumpy Skin Disease Virus in Serbia
Nikola Vasković, Zoran Debeljak, Dejan Vidanović, Milanko Šekler, Kazimir Matović, Milan Aničić, Darko Marinković
Acta Veterinaria  vol: 69  issue: 4  first page: 369  year: 2019  
doi: 10.2478/acve-2019-0031

60. Use of the Capripoxvirus homologue of Vaccinia virus 30kDa RNA polymerase subunit (RPO30) gene as a novel diagnostic and genotyping target: Development of a classical PCR method to differentiate Goat poxvirus from Sheep poxvirus
Charles Euloge Lamien, Christian Le Goff, Roland Silber, David B. Wallace, Velý Gulyaz, Eeva Tuppurainen, Hafsa Madani, Philippe Caufour, Tajelser Adam, Mehdi El Harrak, Antony George Luckins, Emmanuel Albina, Adama Diallo
Veterinary Microbiology  vol: 149  issue: 1-2  first page: 30  year: 2011  
doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.09.038

61. Lumpy skin disease: Attempted propagation in tick cell lines and presence of viral DNA in field ticks collected from naturally-infected cattle
E.S.M. Tuppurainen, E.H. Venter, J.A.W. Coetzer, L. Bell-Sakyi
Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases  vol: 6  issue: 2  first page: 134  year: 2015  
doi: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2014.11.002

62. Potential of Using Capripoxvirus Vectored Vaccines Against Arboviruses in Sheep, Goats, and Cattle
Mahder Teffera, Shawn Babiuk
Frontiers in Veterinary Science  vol: 6  year: 2019  
doi: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00450

63. Current trends in biosensors for the detection of cattle diseases worldwide
Anuj Nehra, R.S. Kundu, Sweeti Ahlawat, Krishna Pal Singh, Kanchan Karki, Aryan Singh Lather, Kanika Poonia, Savita Budania, Vinay Kumar
Biosensors and Bioelectronics: X  vol: 14  first page: 100355  year: 2023  
doi: 10.1016/j.biosx.2023.100355

64. Transmission of lumpy skin disease virus: A short review
A. Sprygin, Ya Pestova, D.B. Wallace, E. Tuppurainen, A.V. Kononov
Virus Research  vol: 269  first page: 197637  year: 2019  
doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.05.015

65. Pathological, immunological and molecular epidemiological analysis of lumpy skin disease virus in Indian cattle during a high-mortality epidemic
Gundallhalli Bayyappa Manjunathareddy, Mani Saminathan, Lalasangi Sanjeevakumar, Sugana Rao, Murali Dinesh, Kuldeep Dhama, Karam Pal Singh, Bhupendra Nath Tripathi
Veterinary Quarterly  vol: 44  issue: 1  first page: 1  year: 2024  
doi: 10.1080/01652176.2024.2398211

66. An insight into emergence of lumpy skin disease virus: a threat to Indian cattle
Nabaneeta Smaraki, Harsh Rajeshbhai Jogi, Dhaval J. Kamothi, H. H. Savsani
Archives of Microbiology  vol: 206  issue: 5  year: 2024  
doi: 10.1007/s00203-024-03932-6

67. Genetic Evidence of Multiple Introductions of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus into Saratov Region, Russia
Yuri V. Saltykov, Anna A. Kolosova, Nadezhda N. Filonova, Alexander N. Chichkin, Valentina A. Feodorova
Pathogens  vol: 10  issue: 6  first page: 716  year: 2021  
doi: 10.3390/pathogens10060716

68. Quantifying and Modeling the Acquisition and Retention of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus by Hematophagus Insects Reveals Clinically but Not Subclinically Affected Cattle Are Promoters of Viral Transmission and Key Targets for Control of Disease Outbreaks
Beatriz Sanz-Bernardo, Ismar R. Haga, Najith Wijesiriwardana, Sanjay Basu, Will Larner, Adriana V. Diaz, Zoë Langlands, Eric Denison, Joanne Stoner, Mia White, Christopher Sanders, Philippa C. Hawes, Anthony J. Wilson, John Atkinson, Carrie Batten, Luke Alphey, Karin E. Darpel, Simon Gubbins, Philippa M. Beard, Joanna L. Shisler
Journal of Virology  vol: 95  issue: 9  year: 2021  
doi: 10.1128/JVI.02239-20

69. Lumpy Skin Disease
Alessandra Di Giuseppe, Valentina Zenobio, Francesca Dall’Acqua, Daria Di Sabatino, Paolo Calistri
Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice  vol: 40  issue: 2  first page: 261  year: 2024  
doi: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2024.01.002

70. Detection of BoHV-1 - Comparative Evaluation of Real Time PCR, Real Time LAMP and Subtyping
Hatice Pelin Aslim, Oya Bulut
Acta Scientiae Veterinariae  vol: 52  year: 2024  
doi: 10.22456/1679-9216.139938

71. Evidence of Transstadial and Mechanical Transmission of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus byAmblyomma hebraeumTicks
J. C. Lubinga, E. S. M. Tuppurainen, R. Mahlare, J. A. W. Coetzer, W. H. Stoltsz, E. H. Venter
Transboundary and Emerging Diseases  vol: 62  issue: 2  first page: 174  year: 2015  
doi: 10.1111/tbed.12102

72. Sheep pox in Tunisia: Current status and perspectives
F. Ben Chehida, E. Ayari-Fakhfakh, P. Caufour, J. Amdouni, J. Nasr, L. Messaoudi, H. Haj Ammar, S. Sghaier, C. Bernard, A. Ghram, C. Cêtre-Sossah
Transboundary and Emerging Diseases  vol: 65  issue: 1  first page: 50  year: 2018  
doi: 10.1111/tbed.12656

73. The prevalence of capripoxvirus causing lumpy skin disease in beef cattle with no clinical signs on a well-managed cooperative farm
Kaewhom, P., Poolsamran, P., Ard-rugsa, T., Phromnoi, S., Thammakarn, C., Srikijkasemwat, K.
International Journal of Agricultural Technology  vol: 21  issue: 2  first page: 531  year: 2025  
doi: 10.63369/ijat.2025.21.2.531-544

74. Lumpy skin disease in cattle in Sharkia, Egypt: epidemiological and genetic characterization of the virus
Mahmoud M. Elhaig, Rafa Almeer, Mohamed M. Abdel-Daim
Tropical Animal Health and Production  vol: 53  issue: 2  year: 2021  
doi: 10.1007/s11250-021-02711-5

75. Investigation of the “Antigen Hook Effect” in Lateral Flow Sandwich Immunoassay: The Case of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus Detection
Simone Cavalera, Giulia Pezzoni, Santina Grazioli, Emiliana Brocchi, Stefano Baselli, Davide Lelli, Barbara Colitti, Thea Serra, Fabio Di Nardo, Matteo Chiarello, Valentina Testa, Sergio Rosati, Claudio Baggiani, Laura Anfossi
Biosensors  vol: 12  issue: 9  first page: 739  year: 2022  
doi: 10.3390/bios12090739

76. Incidence of lumpy skin disease among Egyptian cattle in Giza Governorate, Egypt
Salib FA, and Osman, AH AH
Veterinary World  first page: 162  year: 2011  
doi: 10.5455/vetworld.2011.162-167

77. Assessment of the control measures for category A diseases of Animal Health Law: Lumpy Skin Disease
Søren Saxmose Nielsen, Julio Alvarez, Dominique Joseph Bicout, Paolo Calistri, Elisabetta Canali, Julian Ashley Drewe, Bruno Garin‐Bastuji, José Luis Gonzales Rojas, Christian Gortázar Schmidt, Mette Herskin, Virginie Michel, Miguel Ángel Miranda Chueca, Barbara Padalino, Paolo Pasquali, Liisa Helena Sihvonen, Hans Spoolder, Karl Ståhl, Antonio Velarde, Arvo Viltrop, Christoph Winckler, Kris De Clercq, Simon Gubbins, Eyal Klement, Jan Arend Stegeman, Sotiria‐Eleni Antoniou, Inma Aznar, Alessandro Broglia, Yves Van der Stede, Gabriele Zancanaro, Helen Clare Roberts
EFSA Journal  vol: 20  issue: 1  year: 2022  
doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7121

78. Lumpy Skin Disease
Mizuki WATANABE, Mitsutaka IKEZAWA, Takehiro KOKUHO, Kazuki MORIOKA
Uirusu  vol: 75  issue: 1  first page: 1  year: 2025  
doi: 10.2222/jsv.75.1

79. Epizootology and Molecular Diagnosis of Lumpy Skin Disease among Livestock in Azerbaijan
Shalala Zeynalova, Kliment Asadov, Fizuli Guliyev, Mahira Vatani, Vidadi Aliyev
Frontiers in Microbiology  vol: 7  year: 2016  
doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01022

80. Molecular identification and characterization of Lumpy skin disease virus emergence from cattle in the northeastern part of Thailand
Tossapol Seerintra, Bhuripit Saraphol, Sitthichai Wankaew, Supawadee Piratae
Journal of Veterinary Science  vol: 23  issue: 5  year: 2022  
doi: 10.4142/jvs.22111

81. Risk Factors for Outbreaks of Lumpy Skin Disease and the Economic Impact in Cattle Farms of Nakuru County, Kenya
Samuel Kipruto Kiplagat, Philip Mwanzia Kitala, Joshua Orungo Onono, Philippa M. Beard, Nicholas A. Lyons
Frontiers in Veterinary Science  vol: 7  year: 2020  
doi: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00259

82. Lumpy skin disease outbreaks investigation in Egyptian cattle and buffaloes: Serological evidence and molecular characterization of genome termini
Elsayyad M. Ahmed, Mokhtar M.A. Eltarabilli, Momtaz A. Shahein, Mohamed Fawzy
Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases  vol: 76  first page: 101639  year: 2021  
doi: 10.1016/j.cimid.2021.101639

83. Characterization of sheep pox virus vaccine for cattle against lumpy skin disease virus
Eeva S.M. Tuppurainen, Caroline R. Pearson, Katarzyna Bachanek-Bankowska, Nick J. Knowles, Shadi Amareen, Lorraine Frost, Mark R. Henstock, Charles E. Lamien, Adama Diallo, Peter P.C. Mertens
Antiviral Research  vol: 109  first page: 1  year: 2014  
doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.06.009

84. Detection of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus Antigen and Genomic DNA in Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Tissues from an Egyptian Outbreak in 2006
W. Awadin, H. Hussein, Y. Elseady, S. Babiuk, H. Furuoka
Transboundary and Emerging Diseases  vol: 58  issue: 5  first page: 451  year: 2011  
doi: 10.1111/j.1865-1682.2011.01238.x

85. Point d’actualité sur la dermatose nodulaire contagieuse bovine : une maladie à expansion rapide et massive dans l’hémisphère nord
Stéphane Bertagnoli
Le Nouveau Praticien Vétérinaire élevages & santé  vol: 16  issue: 59  first page: 32  year: 2024  
doi: 10.1051/npvelsa/2025028

86. Lumpy skin disease: A newly emerging disease in Southeast Asia
Kanokwan Ratyotha, Suksanti Prakobwong, Supawadee Piratae
Veterinary World  first page: 2764  year: 2022  
doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.2764-2771

87. Lumpy skin disease: scientific and technical assistance on control and surveillance activities
Paolo Calistri, Kris DeClercq, Annebel De Vleeschauwer, Simon Gubbins, Eyal Klement, Arjan Stegeman, José Cortiñas Abrahantes, Sotiria‐Eleni Antoniou, Alessandro Broglia, Andrey Gogin
EFSA Journal  vol: 16  issue: 10  year: 2018  
doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5452

88. Lumpy skin disease: history, current understanding and research gaps in the context of recent geographic expansion
Ali Mazloum, Antoinette Van Schalkwyk, Shawn Babiuk, Estelle Venter, David B. Wallace, Alexander Sprygin
Frontiers in Microbiology  vol: 14  year: 2023  
doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1266759

89. Probe-Based Real-Time qPCR Assays for a Reliable Differentiation of Capripox Virus Species
Janika Wolff, Martin Beer, Bernd Hoffmann
Microorganisms  vol: 9  issue: 4  first page: 765  year: 2021  
doi: 10.3390/microorganisms9040765

90. Development and evaluation of loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for rapid detection of Capripoxvirus
Kanisht Batra, Aman Kumar, Vinay Kumar, Trilok Nanda, Narender S. Maan, Sushila Maan
Veterinary World  vol: 8  issue: 11  first page: 1286  year: 2015  
doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2015.1286-1292

91. Global Burden of Lumpy Skin Disease, Outbreaks, and Future Challenges
Mahfuza Akther, Syeda Hasina Akter, Subir Sarker, Joshua W. Aleri, Henry Annandale, Sam Abraham, Jasim M. Uddin
Viruses  vol: 15  issue: 9  first page: 1861  year: 2023  
doi: 10.3390/v15091861

92. Incidence and molecular characterisation of lumpy skin disease virus in Zimbabwe using the P32 gene
Prettimore Mafirakureva, Bamusi Saidi, Joshua Mbanga
Tropical Animal Health and Production  vol: 49  issue: 1  first page: 47  year: 2017  
doi: 10.1007/s11250-016-1156-9

93. Overview of diagnostic tools for Capripox virus infections
Andy Haegeman, Annebel De Vleeschauwer, Ilse De Leeuw, Dejan Vidanović, Milanko Šekler, Tamaš Petrović, Céline Demarez, David Lefebvre, Kris De Clercq
Preventive Veterinary Medicine  vol: 181  first page: 104704  year: 2020  
doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.104704

94. Lumpy skin disease (LSD) outbreaks in cattle in Odisha state, India in August 2019: Epidemiological features and molecular studies
Shashi B. Sudhakar, Niranjan Mishra, Semmannan Kalaiyarasu, Sandeep K. Jhade, Divakar Hemadri, Richa Sood, Gopal C. Bal, Mihir K. Nayak, Sunil K. Pradhan, Vijendra P. Singh
Transboundary and Emerging Diseases  vol: 67  issue: 6  first page: 2408  year: 2020  
doi: 10.1111/tbed.13579

95. Comparison and efficacy of two different sheep pox vaccines prepared from the Bakırköy strain against lumpy skin disease in cattle
Serdar Uzar, Fahriye Sarac, Veli Gulyaz, Hakan Enul, Huseyin Yılmaz, Nuri Turan
Clinical and Experimental Vaccine Research  vol: 11  issue: 1  first page: 1  year: 2022  
doi: 10.7774/cevr.2022.11.1.1

96. Diagnostic utility of intranodular saline lavage in TaqMan probe-based real-time PCR diagnosis of lumpy skin disease
Ajay Pratap Singh, Nidhi Dangi, Prachi Singh, Vinod Kumar Singh, Shyama N Prabhu, Neeraj Kumar Gangwar, Sanchay Kumar Biswas
Emerging Animal Species  vol: 10  first page: 100037  year: 2024  
doi: 10.1016/j.eas.2023.100037

97. Validation of a high-throughput real-time polymerase chain reaction assay for the detection of capripoxviral DNA
Samuel Stubbs, Chris A.L. Oura, Mark Henstock, Timothy R. Bowden, Donald P. King, Eeva S.M. Tuppurainen
Journal of Virological Methods  vol: 179  issue: 2  first page: 419  year: 2012  
doi: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2011.11.015

98. Potential link of single nucleotide polymorphisms to virulence of vaccine‐associated field strains of lumpy skin disease virus in South Africa
Antoinette Schalkwyk, Pravesh Kara, Karen Ebersohn, Arshad Mather, Cornelius Henry Annandale, Estelle Hildegard Venter, David Brian Wallace
Transboundary and Emerging Diseases  vol: 67  issue: 6  first page: 2946  year: 2020  
doi: 10.1111/tbed.13670

99. A generic framework for spatial quantitative risk assessments of infectious diseases: Lumpy skin disease case study
Rachel A. Taylor, Alexander D. C. Berriman, Paul Gale, Louise A. Kelly, Emma L. Snary
Transboundary and Emerging Diseases  vol: 66  issue: 1  first page: 131  year: 2019  
doi: 10.1111/tbed.12993

100. Prospects for Using Metagenomic Analysis As a Tool for The Accurate Diagnosis of Capripoxvirus Infections in Farm Animals
S. V. Toshchakov, E. V. Grosfeld, A. D. Kozlova, A. S. Krylova, M. V. Patrushev
Nanobiotechnology Reports  vol: 18  issue: 3  first page: 345  year: 2023  
doi: 10.1134/S2635167623700222

101. Hematological, biochemical and oxidative stress studies of lumpy skin disease virus infection in cattle
Shefaa A. M. El-Mandrawy, Rasha T. M. Alam
Journal of Applied Animal Research  vol: 46  issue: 1  first page: 1073  year: 2018  
doi: 10.1080/09712119.2018.1461629

102. Development of a Synthesized Gene Unique to Lumpy Skin Disease Virus and Its Application in Serological Differentiation of Naturally Infected from Vaccinated Cattle with Attenuated Goat Pox Vaccine
Xinwei Yuan, Haoyun Zhang, Yu Wang, Di Wu, Ihsanullah Shirani, Yingyu Chen, Jianguo Chen, Xi Chen, Lei Zhang, Huanchun Chen, Changmin Hu, Aizhen Guo, Zongfu Wu
Transboundary and Emerging Diseases  vol: 2024  issue: 1  year: 2024  
doi: 10.1155/2024/7800855

103. Molecular detection and phylogenetic analysis of lumpy skin disease virus from outbreaks in Uganda 2017–2018
Sylvester Ochwo, Kimberly VanderWaal, Christian Ndekezi, Joseph Nkamwesiga, Anna Munsey, Sarah Gift Witto, Noelina Nantima, Franklin Mayanja, Anna Rose Ademun Okurut, David Kalenzi Atuhaire, Frank Norbert Mwiine
BMC Veterinary Research  vol: 16  issue: 1  year: 2020  
doi: 10.1186/s12917-020-02288-5

104. A quantitative risk assessment for the incursion of lumpy skin disease virus into Australia via long-distance windborne dispersal of arthropod vectors
Robyn N. Hall, James R. Torpy, Rachel Nye, Emma Zalcman, Brendan D. Cowled
Preventive Veterinary Medicine  vol: 218  first page: 105990  year: 2023  
doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.105990

105. Sites of Persistence of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus in the Genital Tract of Experimentally Infected Bulls
CH Annandale, PC Irons, VP Bagla, UI Osuagwuh, EH Venter
Reproduction in Domestic Animals  vol: 45  issue: 2  first page: 250  year: 2010  
doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2008.01274.x

106. Incidence of lumpy skin disease virus with its characterization in vaccinated pregnant Holstein cows in Dakahlia governorate, Egypt
Samah M. Mosad, Nesma Rasheed, Hanaa S. Ali, Khaled A. S. El-Khabaz, Eman A. M. Shosha, Mohamed El-Diasty
German Journal of Veterinary Research  vol: 1  issue: 4  first page: 23  year: 2021  
doi: 10.51585/gjvr.2021.4.0027

107. Review: Lumpy Skin Disease: An Emerging Threat to Europe, the Middle East and Asia
E. S. M. Tuppurainen, C. A. L. Oura
Transboundary and Emerging Diseases  vol: 59  issue: 1  first page: 40  year: 2012  
doi: 10.1111/j.1865-1682.2011.01242.x

108. The Current Epizootiological Situation of Three Major Viral Infections Affecting Cattle in Egypt
Sherin R. Rouby, Ahmed H. Ghonaim, Xingxiang Chen, Wentao Li
Viruses  vol: 16  issue: 10  first page: 1536  year: 2024  
doi: 10.3390/v16101536

109. Lumpy Virus and Skin Infection: A Review
Akanksha Omprakash Deshmukh, Shubham Kale, Suraj B. Rathod, Nitin B. Kohale
International Journal of Advanced Research in Science, Communication and Technology  first page: 419  year: 2023  
doi: 10.48175/IJARSCT-8851

110. Molecular characterization of Capripox viruses obtained from field outbreaks in Nigeria between 2000 and 2016
Adeyinka Jeremy Adedeji, Janika Möller, Clement Adebajo Meseko, Jolly Amoche Adole, Ishaya Sini Tekki, David Shamaki, Bernd Hoffmann
Transboundary and Emerging Diseases  year: 2019  
doi: 10.1111/tbed.13197

111. A Retrospective Analysis of Major Reportable Cattle Disease Outbreaks from 2017 to 2023 in Chinaksen District, East Hararge Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia
Kedir Yusuf, Mershu Shimallis Aseffa, Chernet Balcha Jima
SSRN Electronic Journal  year: 2024  
doi: 10.2139/ssrn.4789673

112. Spatial and temporal distribution of lumpy skin disease outbreaks in Uganda (2002–2016)
Sylvester Ochwo, Kimberly VanderWaal, Anna Munsey, Christian Ndekezi, Robert Mwebe, Anna Rose Ademun Okurut, Noelina Nantima, Frank Norbert Mwiine
BMC Veterinary Research  vol: 14  issue: 1  year: 2018  
doi: 10.1186/s12917-018-1503-3

113. Epizootic features and control measures for lumpy skin disease in south‐east Serbia in 2016
Marija Manić, Marko Stojiljković, Miloš Petrović, Jakov Nišavić, Dragan Bacić, Tamaš Petrović, Dejan Vidanović, Sonja Obrenović
Transboundary and Emerging Diseases  vol: 66  issue: 5  first page: 2087  year: 2019  
doi: 10.1111/tbed.13261

114. Molecular characterization of the 2018 outbreak of lumpy skin disease in cattle in Upper Egypt
Ahmad M. Allam, Mohamed Karam Elbayoumy, Eman H. Abdel-Rahman, Ahmed G. Hegazi, Tarek Korany Farag
Veterinary World  vol: 13  issue: 7  first page: 1262  year: 2020  
doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.1262-1268

115. Lumpy skin disease virus isolation, experimental infection, and evaluation of disease development in a calf
Kassaye Adamu, Takele Abayneh, Belayneh Getachew, Hawa Mohammed, Getaw Deresse, Mariamawit Zekarias, Workisa Chala, Esayas Gelaye
Scientific Reports  vol: 14  issue: 1  year: 2024  
doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-60994-8

116. Recombinase polymerase amplification assay for rapid detection of lumpy skin disease virus
Mohamed A. Shalaby, Ayman El-Deeb, Mohamed El-Tholoth, Donata Hoffmann, Claus-Peter Czerny, Frank T. Hufert, Manfred Weidmann, Ahmed Abd El Wahed
BMC Veterinary Research  vol: 12  issue: 1  year: 2016  
doi: 10.1186/s12917-016-0875-5

117. Lumpy skin disease epidemiological report IV: data collection and analysis
Paolo Calistri, Kris De Clercq, Simon Gubbins, Eyal Klement, Arjan Stegeman, José Cortiñas Abrahantes, Drago Marojevic, Sotiria‐Eleni Antoniou, Alessandro Broglia
EFSA Journal  vol: 18  issue: 2  year: 2020  
doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6010

118. Evidence of vertical transmission of lumpy skin disease virus in Rhipicephalus decoloratus ticks
Eeva S.M. Tuppurainen, Jimmy C. Lubinga, Wilhelm H. Stoltsz, Milana Troskie, Simon T. Carpenter, Jacobus A.W. Coetzer, Estelle H. Venter, Chris A.L. Oura
Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases  vol: 4  issue: 4  first page: 329  year: 2013  
doi: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2013.01.006

119. First Molecular Characterisation of the Lumpy Skin Disease Virus From the North African Region, Algeria and Tunisia
Ilhem Zouyed, Hichem Soualah, Samir Djemai, Ahmed Messai, Mohammed El Hadi Daia, Amir Mansour, Ines Hammami, Marwen Nouasri, Nabil Trifi, Médiha Khamassi Khbou
Veterinary Medicine and Science  vol: 12  issue: 1  year: 2026  
doi: 10.1002/vms3.70686

120. High Efficiency of Low Dose Preparations of an Inactivated Lumpy Skin Disease Virus Vaccine Candidate
Janika Wolff, Martin Beer, Bernd Hoffmann
Vaccines  vol: 10  issue: 7  first page: 1029  year: 2022  
doi: 10.3390/vaccines10071029

121. Importance of the lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) LSDV126 gene in differential diagnosis and epidemiology and its possible involvement in attenuation
Oran Erster, Marisol Guini Rubinstein, Sophia Menasherow, Emilia Ivanova, Estelle Venter, Milanko Šekler, Mišo Kolarevic, Yehuda Stram
Archives of Virology  vol: 164  issue: 9  first page: 2285  year: 2019  
doi: 10.1007/s00705-019-04327-5

122. Experimental lumpy skin disease virus infection of cattle: comparison of a field strain and a vaccine strain
Janika Möller, Tom Moritz, Kore Schlottau, Kiril Krstevski, Donata Hoffmann, Martin Beer, Bernd Hoffmann
Archives of Virology  vol: 164  issue: 12  first page: 2931  year: 2019  
doi: 10.1007/s00705-019-04411-w

123. Epidemiology, diagnosis and control of lumpy skin disease in Egyptian ruminants
M. H. Khafagi, A. A. Ghazy, M. Abd El-Fatah Mahmoud
BULGARIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE  vol: 27  issue: 2  first page: 254  year: 2024  
doi: 10.15547/bjvm.2022-0021

124. Progress and Research Trends in Lumpy Skin Disease Based on the Scientometric Assessment – A Review
Hafiz Muhammad Zeeshan, Md Belal Bin Heyat, Mohd Ammar Bin Hayat, Saba Parveen, Arshiya Sultana, Faijan Akhtar, Abid Iqbal, Ahmad Ali, Dustin Pomary, Ropo Ebenezer Ogunsakin, Asmaa Sayed Abdelgeliel
Annals of Animal Science  vol: 25  issue: 3  first page: 829  year: 2025  
doi: 10.2478/aoas-2024-0091

125. Detection of lumpy skin disease virus in saliva of ticks fed on lumpy skin disease virus-infected cattle
J. C. Lubinga, E. S. M. Tuppurainen, W. H. Stoltsz, K. Ebersohn, J. A. W. Coetzer, E. H. Venter
Experimental and Applied Acarology  vol: 61  issue: 1  first page: 129  year: 2013  
doi: 10.1007/s10493-013-9679-5

126. Mechanical transmission of lumpy skin disease virus by Rhipicephalus appendiculatus male ticks
E. S. M. TUPPURAINEN, J. C. LUBINGA, W. H. STOLTSZ, M. TROSKIE, S. T. CARPENTER, J. A. W. COETZER, E. H. VENTER, C. A. L. OURA
Epidemiology and Infection  vol: 141  issue: 2  first page: 425  year: 2013  
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127. A review: Surveillance of lumpy skin disease (LSD) a growing problem in Asia
Yasir Razzaq Khan, Ahmad Ali, Kashif Hussain, Muhammad Ijaz, Ameer Hamza Rabbani, Rabia Liaquat Khan, Syed Nazar Abbas, Muhammad Umair Aziz, Awais Ghaffar, Hina Afzal Sajid
Microbial Pathogenesis  vol: 158  first page: 105050  year: 2021  
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128. Cross-Protection of an Inactivated and a Live-Attenuated Lumpy Skin Disease Virus Vaccine against Sheeppox Virus Infections in Sheep
Janika Wolff, Martin Beer, Bernd Hoffmann
Vaccines  vol: 11  issue: 4  first page: 763  year: 2023  
doi: 10.3390/vaccines11040763

129. Retention of lumpy skin disease virus in Stomoxys spp (Stomoxys calcitrans, Stomoxys sitiens, Stomoxys indica) following intrathoracic inoculation, Diptera: Muscidae
Arman Issimov, David B. Taylor, Malik Shalmenov, Birzhan Nurgaliyev, Izimgali Zhubantayev, Nurzhan Abekeshev, Kaissar Kushaliyev, Abzal Kereyev, Lespek Kutumbetov, Assylbek Zhanabayev, Yasmin Zhakiyanova, Peter J. White, Zhilong Yang
PLOS ONE  vol: 16  issue: 2  first page: e0238210  year: 2021  
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238210

130. Development and Optimization of Indirect ELISAs for the Detection of Anti-Capripoxvirus Antibodies in Cattle, Sheep, and Goat Sera
Francisco J. Berguido, Esayas Gelaye, Yang Liu, Batdorj Davaasuren, Kiril Krstevski, Igor Djadjovski, Emiliya Ivanova, Gabriela Goujgoulova, Angelika Loitsch, Eeva Tuppurainen, Tesfaye Rufael Chibssa, Philippe Caufour, Milena Samojlović, Sava Lazić, Tamaš Petrović, Dejan Vidanović, Stéphane Bertagnoli, Reingard Grabherr, Adama Diallo, Giovanni Cattoli, Charles Euloge Lamien
Microorganisms  vol: 10  issue: 10  first page: 1956  year: 2022  
doi: 10.3390/microorganisms10101956

131. Field study on the use of vaccination to control the occurrence of lumpy skin disease in Ethiopian cattle
Wassie Molla, Klaas Frankena, Getachew Gari, Mart C.M. de Jong
Preventive Veterinary Medicine  vol: 147  first page: 34  year: 2017  
doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2017.08.019

132. Emergence and transboundary spread of lumpy skin disease in South Asia
PANKAJ KUMAR, RASHMI REKHA KUMARI, SARITA DEVI, MANOJ KUMAR TRIPATHI, JASPREET SINGH, RAVI KUMAR, MANISH KUMAR
The Indian Journal of Animal Sciences  vol: 91  issue: 7  year: 2021  
doi: 10.56093/ijans.v91i7.115893

133. Molecular Detection and Isolation of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus during an Outbreak in West Hararghe Zone, Eastern Ethiopia
Umer Seid Geletu, Ahmedin Abdurehman Musa, Munera Ahmednur Usmael, Melaku Sombo Keno, Francesca Mancianti
Veterinary Medicine International  vol: 2024  issue: 1  year: 2024  
doi: 10.1155/2024/9487970

134. Evidence of lumpy skin disease virus over-wintering by transstadial persistence in Amblyomma hebraeum and transovarial persistence in Rhipicephalus decoloratus ticks
J. C. Lubinga, E. S. M. Tuppurainen, J. A. W. Coetzer, W. H. Stoltsz, E. H. Venter
Experimental and Applied Acarology  vol: 62  issue: 1  first page: 77  year: 2014  
doi: 10.1007/s10493-013-9721-7

135. Temporal and spatial distribution of lumpy skin disease (LSD) outbreaks in Mashonaland West Province of Zimbabwe from 2000 to 2013
C. Gomo, K. Kanonhuwa, F. Godobo, O. Tada, S. M. Makuza
Tropical Animal Health and Production  vol: 49  issue: 3  first page: 509  year: 2017  
doi: 10.1007/s11250-017-1222-y

136. Thermal Inactivation of Different Capripox Virus Isolates
Janika Wolff, Martin Beer, Bernd Hoffmann
Microorganisms  vol: 8  issue: 12  first page: 2053  year: 2020  
doi: 10.3390/microorganisms8122053

137. Development of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification method for rapid detection of streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin B
Cuiming Cao, Fang Zhang, Mingyu Ji, Fengyan Pei, Xiujie Fan, Hong Shen, Qingxi Wang, Weihua Yang, Yunshan Wang
Toxicon  vol: 117  first page: 53  year: 2016  
doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.03.019

138. Development of a single-step SYBR green-based real-time PCR assay for detection and quantification of lumpy skin disease virus in cattle
Sanganagouda K., Sabha Kounin, K. Nagaraja, Basavaraj Sajjanar, Amitha Rena Gomes, B.H. Pavithra, Shivaraj Murag, B.R. Sumathi, B.P. Shankar, B.P. Shivashankar, H.C. Indresh, K.R. Anjan Kumar, Raveendra Hegade, D. Rathnamma
Gene Reports  vol: 39  first page: 102172  year: 2025  
doi: 10.1016/j.genrep.2025.102172

139. Lumpy Skin Disease Virus (LSDV): evaluating global impact, Ethiopia’s response strategies, and the promise of gamma-ray inactivated vaccines
Girma Zewdie, Getaw Deresse, Mariamawit Zekarias, Hassen Belay, Wondwossen Tolessa, Lencho Megersa
Tropical Animal Health and Production  vol: 57  issue: 8  year: 2025  
doi: 10.1007/s11250-025-04646-7

140. Recent advances in techniques used in the diagnosis of lumpy skin disease: a review
Bilal A. Bhat, Fatmah M. Alqahtani, Majid Alhomrani, Sheikh Adil, Walaa F. Alsanie, Abdulhakeem S. Alamri, Luay M. Alkazmi
Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation  vol: 37  issue: 6  first page: 845  year: 2025  
doi: 10.1177/10406387251373081

141. Lumpy skin disease of cattle: epizootology, characterization of the pathogen, diagnosis (review)
L. M. Ishchenko, L. M. Muzykina, G. A. Kovalenko, I. V. Halka, N. V. Hudz, S. A. Nychyk, V. G. Spyrydonov
Bulletin "Veterinary biotechnology"  vol: 31  first page: 58  year: 2017  
doi: 10.31073/vet_biotech31-07

142. A description of two outbreaks of capripoxvirus disease in Mongolia
P.M. Beard, S. Sugar, E. Bazarragchaa, U. Gerelmaa, Sh. Tserendorj, E. Tuppurainen, R. Sodnomdarjaa
Veterinary Microbiology  vol: 142  issue: 3-4  first page: 427  year: 2010  
doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.10.018

143. Absence of lumpy skin disease virus in semen of vaccinated bulls following vaccination and subsequent experimental infection
U.I. Osuagwuh, V. Bagla, E.H. Venter, C.H. Annandale, P.C. Irons
Vaccine  vol: 25  issue: 12  first page: 2238  year: 2007  
doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.12.010

144. Diagnosis of naturally occurring lumpy skin disease virus infection in cattle using virological, molecular, and immunohistopathological assays
Dawlat M. Amin, Gehan Shehab, Rawhya Emran, Rabab T. Hassanien, Gehan N. Alagmy, Naglaa M. Hagag, Mervat I. I. Abd-El-Moniem, Ahmed R. Habashi, Essam M. Ibraheem, Momtaz A. Shahein
Veterinary World  first page: 2230  year: 2021  
doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.2230-2237

145. Lumpy skin disease in cattle: Frequency of occurrence in a dairy farm and a preliminary assessment of its possible impact on Egyptian buffaloes
Mahmoud M. Elhaig, Abdelfattah Selim, Mohamed Mahmoud
Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research  vol: 84  issue: 1  year: 2017  
doi: 10.4102/ojvr.v84i1.1393

146. Development and validation of three Capripoxvirus real-time PCRs for parallel testing
A. Haegeman, K. Zro, F. Vandenbussche, L. Demeestere, W. Van Campe, M.M. Ennaji, K. De Clercq
Journal of Virological Methods  vol: 193  issue: 2  first page: 446  year: 2013  
doi: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.07.010

147. Minimum Infective Dose of a Lumpy Skin Disease Virus Field Strain from North Macedonia
Janika Wolff, Kiril Krstevski, Martin Beer, Bernd Hoffmann
Viruses  vol: 12  issue: 7  first page: 768  year: 2020  
doi: 10.3390/v12070768

148. Design of a multi-epitope protein as a subunit vaccine against lumpy skin disease using an immunoinformatics approach
Prajna Parimita Kar, Prasanna Babu Araveti, Akshay Kuriakose, Anand Srivastava
Scientific Reports  vol: 12  issue: 1  year: 2022  
doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-23272-z