Proceedings

Ebola virus outbreaks in Africa: Past and present

J.J. Muyembe-Tamfum, S. Mulangu, Justin Masumu, J.M. Kayembe, A. Kemp, Janusz T. Paweska
Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research | Vol 79, No 2 | a451 | DOI: https://doi.org/10.4102/ojvr.v79i2.451 | © 2012 J.J. Muyembe-Tamfum, S. Mulangu, Justin Masumu, J.M. Kayembe, A. Kemp, Janusz T. Paweska | This work is licensed under CC Attribution 4.0
Submitted: 12 June 2012 | Published: 20 June 2012

About the author(s)

J.J. Muyembe-Tamfum, Institut national de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa I, Congo
S. Mulangu, Southern African Centre for Infectious Disease Surveillance, Chuo Kiikuu, Tanzania, United Republic of
Justin Masumu, Institut national de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa I, Congo
J.M. Kayembe, Université de Kinshasa, Kinshasa XI, Congo
A. Kemp, Special Pathogens Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, South Africa
Janusz T. Paweska, Special Pathogens Unit, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, South Africa

Abstract

Ebola haemorrhagic fever (EHF) is a zoonosis affecting both human and non-human primates (NHP). Outbreaks in Africa occur mainly in the Congo and Nile basins. The first outbreaks of EHF occurred nearly simultaneously in 1976 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC, former Zaire) and Sudan with very high case fatality rates of 88% and 53%, respectively. The two outbreaks were caused by two distinct species of Ebola virus named Zaire ebolavirus (ZEBOV) and Sudan ebolavirus (SEBOV). The source of transmission remains unknown. After a long period of silence (1980–1993), EHF outbreaks in Africa caused by the two species erupted with increased frequency and new species were discovered, namely Côte d’Ivoire ebolavirus (CIEBOV) in 1994 in the Ivory Coast and Bundibugyo ebolavirus (BEBOV) in 2007 in Uganda. The re-emergence of EHF outbreaks in Gabon and Republic of the Congo were concomitant with an increase in mortality amongst gorillas and chimpanzees infected with ZEBOV. The human outbreaks were related to multiple, unrelated index cases who had contact with dead gorillas or chimpanzees. However, in areas where NHP were rare or absent, as in Kikwit (DRC) in 1995, Mweka (DRC) in 2007, Gulu (Uganda) in 2000 and Yambio (Sudan) in 2004, the hunting and eating of fruit bats may have resulted in the primary transmission of Ebola virus to humans. Human-to-human transmission is associated with direct contact with body fluids or tissues from an infected subject or contaminated objects. Despite several, often heroic field studies, the epidemiology and ecology of Ebola virus, including identification of its natural reservoir hosts, remains a formidable challenge for public health and scientific communities.

Keywords

Ebola; Africa; outbreaks; non-humans primates; fruit bats; zoonosis

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Tropical Medicine & International Health  vol: 20  issue: 9  first page: 1162  year: 2015  
doi: 10.1111/tmi.12528

63. Consumption of Domestic Cat in Madagascar: Frequency, Purpose, and Health Implications
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Anthrozoös  vol: 28  issue: 3  first page: 469  year: 2015  
doi: 10.1080/08927936.2015.1052280

64. Drivers of earlier infectious disease outbreak detection: a systematic literature review
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International Journal of Infectious Diseases  vol: 53  first page: 15  year: 2016  
doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2016.10.005

65. Viral infections of the central nervous system in Africa
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Brain Research Bulletin  vol: 145  first page: 2  year: 2019  
doi: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.12.019

66. Modelling the Potential Role of Media Campaigns in Ebola Transmission Dynamics
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International Journal of Differential Equations  vol: 2017  first page: 1  year: 2017  
doi: 10.1155/2017/3758269

67. Robust evidence for bats as reservoir hosts is lacking in most African virus studies: a review and call to optimize sampling and conserve bats
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Biology Letters  vol: 19  issue: 11  year: 2023  
doi: 10.1098/rsbl.2023.0358

68. Modeling the spatiotemporal transmission of Ebola disease and optimal control: a regional approach
Adil El Alami Laaroussi, Rachid Ghazzali, Mostafa Rachik, Soukaina Benrhila
International Journal of Dynamics and Control  vol: 7  issue: 3  first page: 1110  year: 2019  
doi: 10.1007/s40435-019-00525-w

69. Ebola virus disease: from epidemiology to prophylaxis
Wen Bin Liu, Zi Xiong Li, Yan Du, Guang Wen Cao
Military Medical Research  vol: 2  issue: 1  year: 2015  
doi: 10.1186/s40779-015-0035-4