Original Research

Pattern of antimicrobial usage in livestock animals in south-western Nigeria: The need for alternative plans

Hezekiah K. Adesokan, IfeOluwapo O. Akanbi, Ibikunle M. Akanbi, Ruth A. Obaweda
Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research | Vol 82, No 1 | a816 | DOI: https://doi.org/10.4102/ojvr.v82i1.816 | © 2015 Hezekiah K. Adesokan, IfeOluwapo O. Akanbi, Ibikunle M. Akanbi, Ruth A. Obaweda | This work is licensed under CC Attribution 4.0
Submitted: 17 May 2014 | Published: 16 April 2015

About the author(s)

Hezekiah K. Adesokan, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
IfeOluwapo O. Akanbi, Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology, Moor Plantation, Ibadan, Nigeria
Ibikunle M. Akanbi, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
Ruth A. Obaweda, Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology, Moor Plantation, Ibadan, Nigeria

Abstract

Resistance to antibiotics has continued to increase, placing future animal and human disease management in real danger. The developing countries characterised by widespread indiscriminate antibiotic use and in which ‘third-generation’ antibiotics are not readily available or affordable are the worst affected. A 3-year (2010–2012) retrospective survey of antibiotic usage in livestock production in three selected states of south-western Nigeria was conducted. Data obtained from eight purposively selected licensed veterinary pharmaceutical sales establishments in the area, based on keeping detailed sales records for the study period, were analysed using Stata Version 12. Results showed that tetracyclines (33.6%), fluoroquinolones (26.5%) and beta-lactams/aminoglycosides (20.4%) constituted the majority of the antibiotics used over the 3 years. The differences in the quantities of antibiotic types used within each antimicrobial class were statistically significant for tetracyclines (F = 59.87; p < 0.0001) and fluoroquinolones (F = 43.97; p < 0.0001) but not for beta-lactams/aminoglycosides (F = 3.21; p = 0.148). Furthermore, antibiotic consumption increased by 40.4% between 2010 and 2012. Although statistically insignificant (F = 0.277; p = 0.762), the increasing trend across the years was at rates of 23.5% between 2010 and 2011 and 13.8% between 2011 and 2012. In addition, the findings show a significantly higher consumption rate (t = 15.21; df = 5; p < 0.0001) during the rainy (52.5%) than the dry (47.5%) seasons. The current increasing trend in antibiotic usage holds a serious danger for the future and therefore calls for alternative plans to safeguard future livestock production, food security and human health. This becomes more imperative considering emerging resistance against tetracyclines and fluoroquinolones, the foremost remedies for livestock diseases in most developing countries.

Keywords

Antibiotics; Emerging resistance; Food security; Human health; Livestock production; Nigeria

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Folasade Muibat Adeyemi, Alimat Olamide Usamat, Alabi Peter Dare, Nana Aishat Yusuf-Omoloye, Omotayo Opemipo Oyedara, Abideen Akinkunmi Wahab, Zainab Adedamola Adeyemi, Esther Abiodun Akinlade, Oyenike Monsurat Jimoh, Olaoniye Habeebat Ajigbewu, Abiodun Adebimpe Adegoke
Veterinary Research Communications  vol: 50  issue: 2  year: 2026  
doi: 10.1007/s11259-025-11044-9

58. Antibiotic use in food animals worldwide, with a focus on Africa: Pluses and minuses
Thi Thu Hao Van, Zuwera Yidana, Peter M. Smooker, Peter J. Coloe
Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance  vol: 20  first page: 170  year: 2020  
doi: 10.1016/j.jgar.2019.07.031

59. Antimicrobial use and resistance in food-producing animals and the environment: an African perspective
Zuhura I. Kimera, Stephen E. Mshana, Mark M. Rweyemamu, Leonard E. G. Mboera, Mecky I. N. Matee
Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control  vol: 9  issue: 1  year: 2020  
doi: 10.1186/s13756-020-0697-x

60. Antibiotic Use in a Municipal Veterinary Clinic in Ghana
Wisdom Adeapena, Samuel Afari-Asiedu, Robinah Najjemba, Johan van Griensven, Alexandre Delamou, Kwame Ohene Buabeng, Kwaku Poku Asante
Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease  vol: 6  issue: 3  first page: 138  year: 2021  
doi: 10.3390/tropicalmed6030138

61. Antimicrobial usage and presence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in animal-rearing households of selected rural and peri-urban communities
Evelyn O. Okpara, Olufemi E. Ojo, Olajoju J. Awoyomi, Morenike A. Dipeolu, Mufutau A. Oyekunle, Stefan Schwarz
Veterinary Microbiology  vol: 218  first page: 31  year: 2018  
doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.03.013

62. Molecular characterisation of extended-spectrum ß-lactamase producing Escherichia coli in wild birds and cattle, Ibadan, Nigeria
Kayode Fashae, Ines Engelmann, Stefan Monecke, Sascha D. Braun, Ralf Ehricht
BMC Veterinary Research  vol: 17  issue: 1  year: 2021  
doi: 10.1186/s12917-020-02734-4

63. Assessment of knowledge, attitudes, and practices of livestock farmers regarding antimicrobial use, resistance, and residues in selected zones of Oromia region, Ethiopia
Tekalign Tadesse, Dinadig Nura, Mengistu Asrat, Javed Khan, Oda Gizaw
Discover Food  vol: 5  issue: 1  year: 2025  
doi: 10.1007/s44187-025-00344-3

64. Toxicological Implications and Inflammatory Response in Human Lymphocytes Challenged with Oxytetracycline
A. Di Cerbo, A. T. Palatucci, V. Rubino, S. Centenaro, A. Giovazzino, E. Fraccaroli, L. Cortese, G. Ruggiero, G. Guidetti, S. Canello, G. Terrazzano
Journal of Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology  vol: 30  issue: 4  first page: 170  year: 2016  
doi: 10.1002/jbt.21775

65. Prevalence and distribution of antimicrobial resistance in effluent wastewater from animal slaughter facilities: A systematic review
Leo Foyle, Matthew Burnett, Abbey Creaser, Rachel Hens, Julia Keough, Lauren Madin, Ruby Price, Hayley Smith, Samuel Stone, Robert T. Kinobe
Environmental Pollution  vol: 318  first page: 120848  year: 2023  
doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120848

66. Genetic relatedness of multidrug resistant Escherichia coli isolated from humans, chickens and poultry environments
Mabel Kamweli Aworh, Jacob K. P. Kwaga, Rene S. Hendriksen, Emmanuel C. Okolocha, Siddhartha Thakur
Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control  vol: 10  issue: 1  year: 2021  
doi: 10.1186/s13756-021-00930-x

67. Antimicrobial use and resistance in food animal production: food safety and associated concerns in Sub-Saharan Africa
Timothy Obiebe Jason Odey, Williams Omotola Tanimowo, Kayode Olayinka Afolabi, Iqbal Kabir Jahid, Rine Christopher Reuben
International Microbiology  vol: 27  issue: 1  first page: 1  year: 2023  
doi: 10.1007/s10123-023-00462-x

68. A Thematic Analysis of Motivators and Barriers to Antimicrobial Resistance Interventions With Farmers and Animal Health Professionals in Nigeria
Alice B. J. E. Jacobsen, Jane Ogden, Aliyu Wakawa, Abel B. Ekiri, Sumanta Nandi
Veterinary Medicine International  vol: 2025  issue: 1  year: 2025  
doi: 10.1155/vmi/8043291

69. Antimicrobial usage by pastoralists in food animals in North-central Nigeria: The associated socio-cultural drivers for antimicrobials misuse and public health implications
Nma Bida Alhaji, Tajudeen Opeyemi Isola
One Health  vol: 6  first page: 41  year: 2018  
doi: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2018.11.001

70. Biosecurity and Antimicrobial Use Practices in Live Bird Markets within Abeokuta Metropolis, Southwest, Nigeria: A Preliminary Survey
Oluwawemimo Adebowale, Motunrayo Makanjuola, Noah Bankole, Adeyemo Olanike, Ayomikun Awoseyi, Olajoju Jokotola Awoyomi
Macedonian Veterinary Review  vol: 44  issue: 2  first page: 187  year: 2021  
doi: 10.2478/macvetrev-2021-0024

71. Molecular epidemiology, genetic diversity and antimicrobial resistance of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from chicken and pig carcasses, and carcass handlers
Onyinye J. Okorie-Kanu, Madubuike U. Anyanwu, Ekene V. Ezenduka, Anthony C. Mgbeahuruike, Dipendra Thapaliya, Gracen Gerbig, Ejike E. Ugwuijem, Christian O. Okorie-Kanu, Philip Agbowo, Solomon Olorunleke, John A. Nwanta, Kennedy F. Chah, Tara C. Smith, Herminia de Lencastre
PLOS ONE  vol: 15  issue: 5  first page: e0232913  year: 2020  
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232913

72. Quinolone-resistant Escherichia coli at the interface between humans, poultry and their shared environment- a potential public health risk
Mabel Kamweli Aworh, Jacob K. P. Kwaga, Rene S. Hendriksen, Emmanuel C. Okolocha, Erin Harrell, Siddhartha Thakur
One Health Outlook  vol: 5  issue: 1  year: 2023  
doi: 10.1186/s42522-023-00079-0

73. Antimicrobial Resistance in Food Animals and the Environment in Nigeria: A Review
Nurudeen Olalekan Oloso, Shamsudeen Fagbo, Musa Garbati, Steve O. Olonitola, Emmanuel Jolaoluwa Awosanya, Mabel Kamweli Aworh, Helen Adamu, Ismail Ayoade Odetokun, Folorunso Oludayo Fasina
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health  vol: 15  issue: 6  first page: 1284  year: 2018  
doi: 10.3390/ijerph15061284

74. Risk Perceptions of Antibiotic Usage and Resistance: A Cross-Sectional Survey of Poultry Farmers in Kwara State, Nigeria
Ahmad I. Al-Mustapha, Victoria O. Adetunji, Annamari Heikinheimo
Antibiotics  vol: 9  issue: 7  first page: 378  year: 2020  
doi: 10.3390/antibiotics9070378

75. Antimicrobial use in cattle and poultry production on occurrence of multidrug resistant Escherichia coli. A systematic review with focus on sub-Saharan Africa
Rogers Azabo, Frankwell Dulle, Stephen E. Mshana, Mecky Matee, Sharadhuli Kimera
Frontiers in Veterinary Science  vol: 9  year: 2022  
doi: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1000457

76. Recent development on core-shell photo(electro)catalysts for elimination of organic compounds from pharmaceutical wastewater
Surendar Balu, Chitiphon Chuaicham, Vellaichamy Balakumar, Saravanan Rajendran, Keiko Sasaki, Karthikeyan Sekar, Arthanareeswari Maruthapillai
Chemosphere  vol: 298  first page: 134311  year: 2022  
doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134311

77. Unveiling the landscape of resistance against high priority critically important antimicrobials in food-producing animals across Africa: A scoping review
Ronald Vougat Ngom, Saleh M. Jajere, Gaspard JA Ayissi, Akenghe Tanyienow, Frédéric Moffo, Hippolyte M. Watsop, Leina M. Mimboe, Mohamed MM Mouiche, Gertraud Schüpbach-Regula, Luís Pedro Carmo
Preventive Veterinary Medicine  vol: 226  first page: 106173  year: 2024  
doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2024.106173

78. Antibiotic resistance and molecular characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from backyard-raised pigs and pig workers
Asabe Halimat Momoh, Jacob K. P. Kwaga, Mohammed Bello, Anthony K. B. Sackey, Anders Rhod Larsen
Tropical Animal Health and Production  vol: 50  issue: 7  first page: 1565  year: 2018  
doi: 10.1007/s11250-018-1596-5

79. Prevalence and risk factors for faecal carriage of multidrug resistant Escherichia coli among slaughterhouse workers
Mabel Kamweli Aworh, Oluwadamilola Abiodun-Adewusi, Nwando Mba, Birgitte Helwigh, Rene S. Hendriksen
Scientific Reports  vol: 11  issue: 1  year: 2021  
doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-92819-3

80. Antibiograms of Commensal Escherichia Coli Isolated from Cattle in Some Selected Commercial Farms in Jos South Plateau State, Nigeria
Manasa Yohana Sugun, Elayoni Emmanuel Igomu, Isa Suleiman
European Journal of Theoretical and Applied Sciences  vol: 1  issue: 4  first page: 133  year: 2023  
doi: 10.59324/ejtas.2023.1(4).14

81. Antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli isolates from frugivorous (Eidolon helvum) and insectivorous (Nycteris hispida) bats in Southeast Nigeria, with detection of CTX-M-15 producing isolates
Lynda O. Obodoechi, Isabel Carvalho, Nadia Safia Chenouf, Sandra Martínez-Álvarez, Madjid Sadi, John A. Nwanta, Kennedy F. Chah, Carmen Torres
Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases  vol: 75  first page: 101613  year: 2021  
doi: 10.1016/j.cimid.2021.101613

82. Review on the Visible Light Photocatalysis for the Decomposition of Ciprofloxacin, Norfloxacin, Tetracyclines, and Sulfonamides Antibiotics in Wastewater
Samar Shurbaji, Pham Thi Huong, Talal Mohammed Altahtamouni
Catalysts  vol: 11  issue: 4  first page: 437  year: 2021  
doi: 10.3390/catal11040437

83. Prioritising intervention areas for antimicrobial resistance in Nigeria's human and animal health sectors using a mixed-methods approach
Oche A. Awulu, Akinbowale Jenkins, Babatunde A. Balogun, Emelda E. Chukwu, Folorunso O. Fasina, Abiodun Egwuenu, Oyinlola O. Oduyebo, Tajudeen A. Bamidele, Simeon Cadmus, Mabel K. Aworh, Adewole A. Adekola, Andrew P. Desbois, Kennedy F. Chah, Lucy A. Brunton
One Health  vol: 20  first page: 101082  year: 2025  
doi: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2025.101082